Excess weight increases the risk of sarcopenia in patients with multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune neurodegenerative disease. Nutritional status influences the course of the disease, however, its relationship with sarcopenia needs further investigation. The aim of the study was to identify patients with sarcopenia and assess its association with nutritional status and the clinical course of the disease. METHODS: The study assessed 110 patients submitted to evaluation of sociodemographic characteristics, level of physical activity, nutritional status, and presence of sarcopenia. The clinical course of the disease, age at onset, disease duration, disease-modifying therapy, and expanded scale of disability status (EDSS) were investigated. RESULTS: Mean age was 37.17 (SD = 10.60) years, disease duration was 6.29 years (SD = 4.65), with a predominance of female gender (80.90 %), relapsing-remitting clinical form (RRMS) (89.10 %) and mild level of disability (EDSS median = 1.92). The group had excess weight (53.6 %) according to body mass index (BMI) and abdominal fat accumulation measured by waist circumference (WC) (53.6 %). High percentage of fat mass ( % FM) was observed in 54.5 % and 38.2 % of the patients according to bioimpedance (BIA) and ultrasound (US), respectively. It was observed that 15.5 % were at risk for sarcopenia, which was associated with excess weight, and high % FM (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: These findings highlight the importance of including nutritional status indicators, and sarcopenia assessment in the care of patients with MS.

Relationship between zinc-related nutritional status and the progression of multiple sclerosis.

BACKGROUND: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. OBJECTIVE: To investigate plasma and erythrocyte zinc status and its relationship to MS. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, including 98 participants, distributed in groups: case (MS, n = 49), diagnosed with MS and control (n = 49), matched by age and sex with the case group. Zinc was analyzed by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity by spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Mean plasma zinc was 94.6 (22.1) µg/dL for MS patients and 81.5 (31.3) µg/dL for control group, with statistical difference (p = 0.023). The mean erythrocyte zinc was 83.6 (41.6) µg/gHb for case group and 72.6 (31.5) µg/gHb for control. Erythrocyte SOD activity was above reference values, significantly different for MS patients (p = 0.003). There was a significant direct correlation between erythrocyte zinc and SOD (r = 0.835; p < 0.001). SOD showed inverse correlation with MS outbreaks (r = -0.317; p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Patients with MS have normal plasma and elevated erythrocyte zinc. Erythrocyte zinc showed positive correlation with SOD, which correlated inversely to outbreaks.

Cardiovascular risk estimated in individuals with multiple sclerosis: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) had a 1.5-fold increase in cardiovascular diseases (CVD) mortality, compared with those without MS. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the CVD risk in MS patients by multiple cardiometabolic indexes and to investigate associated factors. METHODS: The MS group included 57 patients matched for age and sex to 57 healthy controls. They were evaluated for physical activity, smoking, anthropometric indices, blood pressure, and plasma biomarkers. Framingham risk score (FRS) and multiple cardiovascular risk indexes were calculated. Clinical course of disease, age at onset, disease duration, disease-modifying therapy, relapse rate, EDSS, physical and functional impairment were investigated. RESULTS: The mean age was 34.6 years old. The majority (89.5%) in the MS group had a RRMS clinical course and a mild level of disability (EDSS=1.0). WC (p = 0.022) and FM% (p = 0.007) were different between the MS and control groups. The FRS was higher in the MS group (10% versus 0%) and this was related with high prevalence of dyslipidemia (43.8% versus 36.8%). The atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) (0.013) and Castelli risk indexes I (CRI-I) (p = 0.017) and II (CRI-II) (p = 0.008) and non-HDL-C (p = 0.044) were higher in the MS group. CONCLUSION: MS patients, with controlled disease course, have a higher cardiovascular risk than comparable healthy individuals. We emphasize that the use of FRS, and the monitoring of CRI-I and II, as well as AIP, are important lipid markers to manage CVD risk in individuals with MS.

Nutrition in Multiple Sclerosis: An integrative review of scientific publications from the last 5 years / Nutrición en la Esclerosis Múltiple: Revisión integrativa de las publicaciones científicas en los últimos 5 años

ABSTRACT This study analyzed the profile of scientific production related to the nutritional aspects of the etiology and/or progress of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). We conducted an integrative review that analyzed 64 works published in English, Spanish or Portuguese between 2012 and 2017 on the relationship between nutrition and MS. There was a predominance of studies in humans (54.0%, n= 34) and randomized clinical trials (38.3%, n= 13). The association between vitamin D and etiology progression and/or development of disabilities resulting from MS was the most studied aspect (30.2%, n= 19), followed by studies that evaluated the importance of fat concentration and/or types for MS risk (22.2%, n= 14), and research that analyzed the role of antioxidant vitamins (19.0%; n= 12) in the disease development and/ or evolution. The study showed that most research involves small samples and that a healthy diet contributes to the prevention and mitigation of disease evolution. However, this affirmation cannot be made with regards to dietary supplements. Further research is necessary, from cross-sectional studies to randomized clinical trials considering the wide knowledge gap on this subject.

RESUMEN El presente estudio buscó plantear el perfil de las producciones científicas que relacionan aspectos nutricionales con la etiología y/o progresión de la Esclerosis Múltiple (EM). Fue una revisión integrativa que analizó 63 trabajos publicados en el idioma inglés, español y portugués, entre 2012 a 2017, sobre la relación entre los aspectos nutricionales y la EM. Predominaron estudios con seres humanos (54,0%, n= 34), del tipo ensayo clínico randomizado (38,3%, n= 13). La asociación de la vitamina D con la etiología, progresión y/o desarrollo de incapacidades consecuentes de la EM fue la más estudiada (30,2%, n= 19), seguida de los estudios que evaluaron la importancia de la concentración y/o de los tipos de gordura para el riesgo o progresión de la EM (22,2%, n= 14), y de estudios que analizaron el papel de las vitaminas antioxidantes (19,0%; n= 12) en el desencadenamiento y/o evolución de la enfermedad. La mayoría de los estudios incluyó muestras pequeñas y una dieta saludable que aporta con la prevención y atenuación de la evolución de la enfermedad. No se pueó hacer esta afirmación para los suplementos dietéticos. Son necesarios más estudios, dada la enorme laguna de conocimiento que envuelve el tema.

Association between dietary glycemic index and excess weight in pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy / Associação entre o índice glicêmico dietético e o excesso de peso em gestantes no primeiro trimestre de gestação

Abstract Objective To assess the association between dietary glycemic index (GI) and excess weight in pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy. Methods A cross-sectional study in a sample of 217 pregnant women was conducted at the maternal-fetal outpatient clinic of the Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil, for routine ultrasound examinations in the period between 11 and 13 weeks + 6 days of gestation.Weight and height were measured and the gestational body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The women were questioned about their usual body weight prior to the gestation, considering the prepregnancy weight. The dietary GI and the glycemic load (GL) of their diets were calculated and split into tertiles. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Walls and chi-squared (χ2) statistical tests were employed. A crude logistic regression model and a model adjusted for confounding variables known to influence biological outcomes were constructed. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant for all tests employed. Results The sample group presented a high percentage of prepregnancy and gestational overweight (39.7% and 40.1%, respectively). InthetertilewiththehigherGIvalue, therewasa lower dietary intake of total fibers (p = 0.005) and of soluble fibers (p = 0.008). In the third tertile, the dietary GI was associated with overweight in pregnant women in the first trimester of gestation, both in the crude model and in the model adjusted for age, total energy intake, and saturated fatty acids. However, this association was not observed in relation to the GL. Conclusion A high dietary GI was associated with excess weight in women in the first trimester of pregnancy.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre índice glicêmico (IG) dietético e presença de excesso de peso em gestantes no primeiro trimestre de gestação. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado com 217 gestantes atendidas no Ambulatório de Medicina Materno-Fetal do Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, para realização de exames ultrassonográficos de rotina no período entre 11 e 13 semanas e 6 dias de gestação. Peso e altura foram obtidos para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) gestacional. As mulheres foram questionadas quanto ao peso corporal habitual anterior à gestação, considerado o peso pré-gestacional. O IG e a carga glicêmica (CG) das suas dietas foram calculados e divididos em tercis. As associações foram investigadas por análise de variância (ANOVA, na sigla em inglês) ou pelos testes Kruskal-Walls e qui-quadrado (χ2). Resultados O grupo tinha alto percentual de excesso de peso pré-gestacional (39,7%) e gestacional (40,1%). Houve menor consumo de fibras totais (p = 0,005) e fibras insolúveis (p = 0,008) no tercil de maior valor de IG. No terceiro tercil, o IG da dieta foi associado ao excesso de peso dasmulheres no primeiro trimestre de gestação, tanto no modelo bruto como no modelo ajustado para idade, consumo total de energia e de ácidos graxos saturados. No entanto, não se observou esta associação emrelação à CG. Conclusão O alto IG da dieta consumida foi associado ao excesso de peso das mulheres no primeiro trimestre da gestação.

Association between Dietary Glycemic Index and Excess Weight in Pregnant Women in the First Trimester of Pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between dietary glycemic index (GI) and excess weight in pregnant women in the first trimester of pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in a sample of 217 pregnant women was conducted at the maternal-fetal outpatient clinic of the Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, state of Ceará, Brazil, for routine ultrasound examinations in the period between 11 and 13 weeks + 6 days of gestation. Weight and height were measured and the gestational body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The women were questioned about their usual body weight prior to the gestation, considering the prepregnancy weight. The dietary GI and the glycemic load (GL) of their diets were calculated and split into tertiles. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) or Kruskal-Walls and chi-squared (χ2) statistical tests were employed. A crude logistic regression model and a model adjusted for confounding variables known to influence biological outcomes were constructed. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant for all tests employed. RESULTS: The sample group presented a high percentage of prepregnancy and gestational overweight (39.7% and 40.1%, respectively). In the tertile with the higher GI value, there was a lower dietary intake of total fibers (p = 0.005) and of soluble fibers (p = 0.008). In the third tertile, the dietary GI was associated with overweight in pregnant women in the first trimester of gestation, both in the crude model and in the model adjusted for age, total energy intake, and saturated fatty acids. However, this association was not observed in relation to the GL. CONCLUSION: A high dietary GI was associated with excess weight in women in the first trimester of pregnancy.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a associação entre índice glicêmico (IG) dietético e presença de excesso de peso em gestantes no primeiro trimestre de gestação. MéTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado com 217 gestantes atendidas no Ambulatório de Medicina Materno-Fetal do Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, CE, para realização de exames ultrassonográficos de rotina no período entre 11 e 13 semanas e 6 dias de gestação. Peso e altura foram obtidos para o cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) gestacional. As mulheres foram questionadas quanto ao peso corporal habitual anterior à gestação, considerado o peso pré-gestacional. O IG e a carga glicêmica (CG) das suas dietas foram calculados e divididos em tercis. As associações foram investigadas por análise de variância (ANOVA, na sigla em inglês) ou pelos testes Kruskal-Walls e qui-quadrado (χ2). RESULTADOS: O grupo tinha alto percentual de excesso de peso pré-gestacional (39,7%) e gestacional (40,1%). Houve menor consumo de fibras totais (p = 0,005) e fibras insolúveis (p = 0,008) no tercil de maior valor de IG. No terceiro tercil, o IG da dieta foi associado ao excesso de peso das mulheres no primeiro trimestre de gestação, tanto no modelo bruto como no modelo ajustado para idade, consumo total de energia e de ácidos graxos saturados. No entanto, não se observou esta associação em relação à CG. CONCLUSãO: O alto IG da dieta consumida foi associado ao excesso de peso das mulheres no primeiro trimestre da gestação.

Nutritional status, diet and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in elders / Estado nutricional, dieta y enfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólico en ancianos

Objective: evaluate the inter-relations between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and dietary factors in a population of hypertensive elders. Methods: 229 hypertensive elder patients were evaluated, from June to December 2009. All the patients that accepted to participate in the study signed a free consent term. An anthropometric evaluation was carried out and the body composition was evaluated. The diagnosis of NAFLD was determined by the American guidelines. The regular food intake was estimated through a 24 hour questionnaire. Results: the weighted excess, by the body mass index and excess of abdominal fat, were associated with NAFLD (p < 0.001). An inverse profile was found with the diet variables. Conclusion: the studied group presents a health risk situation, considering the nutritional status markers. The regular diet appeared to be inadequate, showing excess of sodium and low fiber and vegetables intake (AU)

Objetivo: evaluar las interrelaciones entre enfermedad grasa no alcohólica del hígado (HGNA) y factores dietéticos en una población de ancianos hipertensos. Métodos: 229 pacientes ancianos hipertensos fueron evaluados desde junio a diciembre del 2009. Todos los pacientes que aceptaron participar en el estudio firmaron un consentimiento libre e informado. Fueron realizadas evaluaciones antropométricas y de composición corporal. El diagnóstico de HGNA fue determinado por el American Guidelines. El consumo alimenticio regular fue estimado a través de una encuesta alimentaria de recordatorio de 24 horas. Resultados: el exceso de peso, ponderado por el índice de masa corporal y el exceso de grasa abdominal, fueron asociados con HGNA (p < 0,001). Un perfil inverso fue encontrado con las variables dietéticas. Conclusión: el grupo estudiado presentó una situación de riesgo para la salud, considerando los marcadores del estado nutricional. La dieta regular pareció ser inadecuada, mostrando exceso de sodio bajo consumo de fibras y vegetales (AU)

Glycemic index and glycemic load of tropical fruits andthe potential risk for chronic diseases

The objective was to determine the glycemic index and glycemic load of tropical fruits and the potential risk for chronic diseases.Nine fruits were investigated: coconut water (for the purpose of this study, coconut water was classified as a “fruit”), guava,tamarind, passion fruit, custard apple, hog plum, cashew, sapodilla, and soursop. The GI and GL were determined accordingto the Food and Agriculture Organization protocol. The GL was calculated taking into consideration intake recommendation guidelines; 77.8% of the fruits had low GI although significant oscillations were observed in some graphs, which may indicate potential risks of disease. Coconut water and custard apple had a moderate GI, and all fruits had low GL. The fruits evaluatedare healthy and can be consumed following the daily recommended amount. However, caution is recommended with fruitscausing early glycemic peak and the fruits with moderated GI (coconut water and custard apple).

Associação entre índice glicêmico e carga glicêmica dietéticos e síndrome metabólica em idosos / Association between dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and metabolic syndrome in elderly

OBJETIVO: Investigar a associação entre índice glicêmico (IG) e/ou carga glicêmica (CG) da dieta e síndrome metabólica (SM). MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo documental e do tipo caso-controle, com uma amostra de 229 idosos. Calcularam-se o IG e a CG, classificando-os em adequado (baixo) e inadequado (moderado e alto). Calculou-se ainda a prevalência de consumo dos alimentos, consumidos por pelo menos metade dos avaliados. A análise estatística dos dados foi efetuada por meio do teste c² e teste t de Student. Adotou-se p < 0,05 como nível de significância. RESULTADOS: Dos indivíduos estudados (n = 229), 74,2% pertenciam ao sexo feminino. A média de idade do grupo foi de 70,1 (6,4) anos. A média diária de IG do grupo caso foi de 62,3 (6,5), e do grupo controle de 62,1 (6,1), com p = 0,864. As médias diárias de CG não foram estatisticamente diferentes (p = 0,212), sendo a do grupo caso de 99,8 (33,8) e do grupo controle de 108,9 (45,7). Os alimentos consumidos tanto pelos casos como pelos controles, com maior contribuição ao IG, foram: pão, arroz, banana e açúcar refinado. CONCLUSÃO: No grupo avaliado, não houve associação entre índice glicêmico e carga glicêmica dietéticos e síndrome metabólica. O padrão identificado, no entanto, coloca portadores e não portadores em situação de risco à saúde, merecendo ações educativas.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between glycemic index and/or glycemic load diet and metabolic syndrome. METHODS: It is a documental and case-control study, with a sample of 229 elderly. We calculated the GI and GL, classifying them into appropriate (low) and inappropriate (moderate and high). We also estimated the prevalence of consumption of food, showing those who are consumed by 50% or more of the population studied. Data analysis was carried out through c² test and Independent Student's' t Test. We adopted p <0.05 level of significance. We used SPSS version 19.0 for data analysis. RESULTS: Of the individuals studied, 74.2% were female and 25.3% were male. The average age was 70.1 (6.4) years. The daily average GI in the case group was 62.3 (6.5) and control group, 62.1 (6.1), with no statistical difference (p = 0.864). The difference between the daily averages of GL was not significant (p = 0.212) between the case group - 99.8 (33.8) - and control group - 108.9 (45.7). The food consumed by both cases and controls, with higher contribution to the GI, were: bread, rice, banana and sugar. CONCLUSION: In the group assessed there was no association between dietary glycemic index and glycemic load and metabolic syndrome. However, the pattern identified puts cases and controls at risk to health, and deserve educational actions.

Papel de citocinas, óxido nítrico sintase e ciclooxigenase-2 na mucosite intestinal induzida pelo Cloridrato de Irinotecano (cpt-11) efeito da Pentoxifilina, Talidomida e Celecoxibe / Role of cytokines, nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the intestinal mucositis induced by irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) effect of pentoxifylline, thalidomide and Celecoxib

O cloridrato de irinotecano (CPT-11) é um inibidor da topoisomerase I, clinicamente efetivo no tratamento de vários tipos de câncer. Apesar da mucosite intestinal (MI) acompanhada de severa diarréia ser o efeito colateral mais limitante do uso terapêutico do CPT-11, os exatos mecanismos que levam a estes efeitos não são estabelecidos. Objetivo: avaliar o envolvimento de mediadores inflamatórios (citocinas, óxido nítrico - NO e prostaglandinas - PGs) na patogênese dos eventos que acompanham a MI induzida pelo CPT-11; e estudar o efeito de inibidores da síntese e a liberação de citocinas, como pentoxifilina (PTX) e talidomida (TLD), e de um inibidor seletivo da ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2), o celecoxibe (CLX), na lesão intestinal induzida pelo CPT-11. Material e Métodos: camundongos Swiss, machos, foram tratados durante quatro dias consecutivos com CPT-11 (50, 75 e 100 mg/kg, i.p.) ou veículo (0,5 mL, i.p.), afim de se obter a melhor dose capaz de induzir injúrias consistentes com o mínimo de letalidade. Os animais foram tratados com PTX (1,7, 5 e 15 mg/kg, s.c.), TLD (15, 30, 60 mg/kg, s.c.), CLX (3, 10, 30 mg/kg, gavagem) ou veículo (0,5 mL, s.c. ou gavagem), um dia antes da primeira administração do CPT-11 (75 mg/kg), e diariamente, até o sacrifício, no quinto ou sétimo dia. Os seguintes parâmetros foram avaliados: diarréia, variação de massa corpórea, leucograma, sobrevida, análise histopatológica, atividade de mieloperoxidase (MPO), dosagem de citocinas (TNF-α, IL-1β e KC) por ELISA e imunohistoquímica para TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS e COX-2 nas mucosas duodenais. Resultados: CPT-11 induziu diarréia significante, acompanhada de perda acentuada de massa corpórea, leucopenia e redução da sobrevida...